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SPELL Version 2.0.3
Citation
Hashimshony T, Feder M, Levin M, Hall BK, Yanai I.
Spatiotemporal transcriptomics reveals the evolutionary history of the endoderm germ layer.
Nature
, 2015.
PubMed ID
25487147
Short Description
Spatiotemporal transcriptomics reveals the evolutionary history of the endoderm germ layer.
GEO Record: N.A. Platform: N.A.
Download gene-centric, log2 transformed data:
WBPaper00046121.ce.rs.csv
# of Conditions
154
Full Description
The concept of germ layers has been one of the foremost organizing principles in developmental biology, classification, systematics and evolution for 150 years (refs 1 - 3). Of the three germ layers, the mesoderm is found in bilaterian animals but is absent in species in the phyla Cnidaria and Ctenophora, which has been taken as evidence that the mesoderm was the final germ layer to evolve. The origin of the ectoderm and endoderm germ layers, however, remains unclear, with models supporting the antecedence of each as well as a simultaneous origin. Here we determine the temporal and spatial components of gene expression spanning embryonic development for all Caenorhabditis elegans genes and use it to determine the evolutionary ages of the germ layers. The gene expression program of the mesoderm is induced after those of the ectoderm and endoderm, thus making it the last germ layer both to evolve and to develop. Strikingly, the C. elegans endoderm and ectoderm expression programs do not co-induce; rather the endoderm activates earlier, and this is also observed in the expression of endoderm orthologues during the embryology of the frog Xenopus tropicalis, the sea anemone Nematostella vectensis and the sponge Amphimedon queenslandica. Querying the phylogenetic ages of specifically expressed genes reveals that the endoderm comprises older genes. Taken together, we propose that the endoderm program dates back to the origin of multicellularity, whereas the ectoderm originated as a secondary germ layer freed from ancestral feeding functions.
Experimental Details:
RNASeq.elegans.WBStrain00000001.WBls:0000141.Hermaphrodite.WBbt:0007833.SRP029448.SRX343161
RNASeq.elegans.WBStrain00000001.WBls:0000151.Hermaphrodite.WBbt:0007833.SRP029448.SRX343162
RNASeq.elegans.WBStrain00000001.WBls:0000171.Hermaphrodite.WBbt:0007833.SRP029448.SRX343163
RNASeq.elegans.WBStrain00000001.WBls:0000181.Hermaphrodite.WBbt:0007833.SRP029448.SRX343164
RNASeq.elegans.WBStrain00000001.WBls:0000191.Hermaphrodite.WBbt:0007833.SRP029448.SRX343165
RNASeq.elegans.WBStrain00000001.WBls:0000231.Hermaphrodite.WBbt:0007833.SRP029448.SRX343167
RNASeq.elegans.WBStrain00000001.WBls:0000251.Hermaphrodite.WBbt:0007833.SRP029448.SRX343168
RNASeq.elegans.WBStrain00000001.WBls:0000261.Hermaphrodite.WBbt:0007833.SRP029448.SRX343169
RNASeq.elegans.WBStrain00000001.WBls:0000281.Hermaphrodite.WBbt:0007833.SRP029448.SRX343170
RNASeq.elegans.WBStrain00000001.WBls:0000291.Hermaphrodite.WBbt:0007833.SRP029448.SRX343171
RNASeq.elegans.WBStrain00000001.WBls:0000301.Hermaphrodite.WBbt:0007833.SRP029448.SRX343172
RNASeq.elegans.WBStrain00000001.WBls:0000311.Hermaphrodite.WBbt:0007833.SRP029448.SRX343173
RNASeq.elegans.WBStrain00000001.WBls:0000321.Hermaphrodite.WBbt:0007833.SRP029448.SRX343174
RNASeq.elegans.WBStrain00000001.WBls:0000331.Hermaphrodite.WBbt:0007833.SRP029448.SRX343175
RNASeq.elegans.WBStrain00000001.WBls:0000331.Hermaphrodite.WBbt:0007833.SRP029448.SRX343176
RNASeq.elegans.WBStrain00000001.WBls:0000351.Hermaphrodite.WBbt:0007833.SRP029448.SRX343178
RNASeq.elegans.WBStrain00000001.WBls:0000351.Hermaphrodite.WBbt:0007833.SRP029448.SRX343179
RNASeq.elegans.WBStrain00000001.WBls:0000361.Hermaphrodite.WBbt:0007833.SRP029448.SRX343180
RNASeq.elegans.WBStrain00000001.WBls:0000391.Hermaphrodite.WBbt:0007833.SRP029448.SRX343181
RNASeq.elegans.WBStrain00000001.WBls:0000401.Hermaphrodite.WBbt:0007833.SRP029448.SRX343182
RNASeq.elegans.WBStrain00000001.WBls:0000421.Hermaphrodite.WBbt:0007833.SRP029448.SRX343184
RNASeq.elegans.WBStrain00000001.WBls:0000431.Hermaphrodite.WBbt:0007833.SRP029448.SRX343185
RNASeq.elegans.WBStrain00000001.WBls:0000451.Hermaphrodite.WBbt:0007833.SRP029448.SRX343186
RNASeq.elegans.WBStrain00000001.WBls:0000461.Hermaphrodite.WBbt:0007833.SRP029448.SRX343187
RNASeq.elegans.WBStrain00000001.WBls:0000471.Hermaphrodite.WBbt:0007833.SRP029448.SRX343189
RNASeq.elegans.WBStrain00000001.WBls:0000491.Hermaphrodite.WBbt:0007833.SRP029448.SRX343191
RNASeq.elegans.WBStrain00000001.WBls:0000501.Hermaphrodite.WBbt:0007833.SRP029448.SRX343192
RNASeq.elegans.WBStrain00000001.WBls:0000511.Hermaphrodite.WBbt:0007833.SRP029448.SRX343194
RNASeq.elegans.WBStrain00000001.WBls:0000521.Hermaphrodite.WBbt:0007833.SRP029448.SRX343195
RNASeq.elegans.WBStrain00000001.WBls:0000531.Hermaphrodite.WBbt:0007833.SRP029448.SRX343196
RNASeq.elegans.WBStrain00000001.WBls:0000531.Hermaphrodite.WBbt:0007833.SRP029448.SRX343197
RNASeq.elegans.WBStrain00000001.WBls:0000541.Hermaphrodite.WBbt:0007833.SRP029448.SRX343198
RNASeq.elegans.WBStrain00000001.WBls:0000541.Hermaphrodite.WBbt:0007833.SRP029448.SRX343199
RNASeq.elegans.WBStrain00000001.WBls:0000551.Hermaphrodite.WBbt:0007833.SRP029448.SRX343200
RNASeq.elegans.WBStrain00000001.WBls:0000561.Hermaphrodite.WBbt:0007833.SRP029448.SRX343201
RNASeq.elegans.WBStrain00000001.WBls:0000581.Hermaphrodite.WBbt:0007833.SRP029448.SRX343202
RNASeq.elegans.WBStrain00000001.WBls:0000621.Hermaphrodite.WBbt:0007833.SRP029448.SRX343203
RNASeq.elegans.WBStrain00000001.WBls:0000694.Hermaphrodite.WBbt:0007833.SRP029448.SRX343205
RNASeq.elegans.WBStrain00000001.WBls:0000695.Hermaphrodite.WBbt:0007833.SRP029448.SRX343206
RNASeq.elegans.WBStrain00000001.WBls:0000696.Hermaphrodite.WBbt:0007833.SRP029448.SRX343207
RNASeq.elegans.WBStrain00000001.WBls:0000697.Hermaphrodite.WBbt:0007833.SRP029448.SRX343208
RNASeq.elegans.WBStrain00000001.WBls:0000699.Hermaphrodite.WBbt:0007833.SRP029448.SRX343210
RNASeq.elegans.WBStrain00000001.WBls:0000700.Hermaphrodite.WBbt:0007833.SRP029448.SRX343211
RNASeq.elegans.WBStrain00000001.WBls:0000701.Hermaphrodite.WBbt:0007833.SRP029448.SRX343212
RNASeq.elegans.WBStrain00000001.WBls:0000702.Hermaphrodite.WBbt:0007833.SRP029448.SRX343213
RNASeq.elegans.WBStrain00000001.WBls:0000703.Hermaphrodite.WBbt:0007833.SRP029448.SRX343214
RNASeq.elegans.WBStrain00000001.WBls:0000007.Hermaphrodite.WBbt:0007833.SRP029448.SRX343215
RNASeq.elegans.WBStrain00000001.WBls:0000007.Hermaphrodite.WBbt:0007833.SRP029448.SRX343216
RNASeq.elegans.WBStrain00000001.WBls:0000007.Hermaphrodite.WBbt:0004015.SRP029448.SRX343218
RNASeq.elegans.WBStrain00000001.WBls:0000007.Hermaphrodite.WBbt:0004015.SRP029448.SRX343219
RNASeq.elegans.WBStrain00000001.WBls:0000131.Hermaphrodite.WBbt:0004015.SRP029448.SRX343220
RNASeq.elegans.WBStrain00000001.WBls:0000131.Hermaphrodite.WBbt:0006876.SRP029448.SRX343221
RNASeq.elegans.WBStrain00000001.WBls:0000131.Hermaphrodite.WBbt:0006876.SRP029448.SRX343222
RNASeq.elegans.WBStrain00000001.WBls:0000131.Hermaphrodite.WBbt:0006876.SRP029448.SRX343223
RNASeq.elegans.WBStrain00000001.WBls:0000131.Hermaphrodite.WBbt:0006771.SRP029448.SRX343225
RNASeq.elegans.WBStrain00000001.WBls:0000131.Hermaphrodite.WBbt:0006771.SRP029448.SRX343226
RNASeq.elegans.WBStrain00000001.WBls:0000131.Hermaphrodite.WBbt:0004015.SRP029448.SRX343227
RNASeq.elegans.WBStrain00000001.WBls:0000131.Hermaphrodite.WBbt:0004015.SRP029448.SRX343228
RNASeq.elegans.WBStrain00000001.WBls:0000131.Hermaphrodite.WBbt:0004015.SRP029448.SRX343229
RNASeq.elegans.WBStrain00000001.WBls:0000151.Hermaphrodite.WBbt:0004804.SRP029448.SRX343230
RNASeq.elegans.WBStrain00000001.WBls:0000151.Hermaphrodite.WBbt:0004804.SRP029448.SRX343231
RNASeq.elegans.WBStrain00000001.WBls:0000151.Hermaphrodite.WBbt:0004804.SRP029448.SRX343232
RNASeq.elegans.WBStrain00000001.WBls:0000171.Hermaphrodite.WBbt:0004804.SRP029448.SRX343233
RNASeq.elegans.WBStrain00000001.WBls:0000171.Hermaphrodite.WBbt:0004804.SRP029448.SRX343234
RNASeq.elegans.WBStrain00000001.WBls:0000171.Hermaphrodite.WBbt:0004804.SRP029448.SRX343235
RNASeq.elegans.WBStrain00000001.WBls:0000201.Hermaphrodite.WBbt:0004804.SRP029448.SRX343236
RNASeq.elegans.WBStrain00000001.WBls:0000201.Hermaphrodite.WBbt:0004804.SRP029448.SRX343237
RNASeq.elegans.WBStrain00000001.WBls:0000201.Hermaphrodite.WBbt:0004804.SRP029448.SRX343238
RNASeq.elegans.WBStrain00000001.WBls:0000221.Hermaphrodite.WBbt:0004804.SRP029448.SRX343241
RNASeq.elegans.WBStrain00000001.WBls:0000251.Hermaphrodite.WBbt:0004804.SRP029448.SRX343242
RNASeq.elegans.WBStrain00000001.WBls:0000251.Hermaphrodite.WBbt:0004804.SRP029448.SRX343243
RNASeq.elegans.WBStrain00000001.WBls:0000251.Hermaphrodite.WBbt:0004804.SRP029448.SRX343244
RNASeq.elegans.WBStrain00000001.WBls:0000291.Hermaphrodite.WBbt:0004804.SRP029448.SRX343245
RNASeq.elegans.WBStrain00000001.WBls:0000291.Hermaphrodite.WBbt:0004804.SRP029448.SRX343246
RNASeq.elegans.WBStrain00000001.WBls:0000291.Hermaphrodite.WBbt:0004804.SRP029448.SRX343247
RNASeq.elegans.WBStrain00000001.WBls:0000381.Hermaphrodite.WBbt:0004804.SRP029448.SRX343248
RNASeq.elegans.WBStrain00000001.WBls:0000381.Hermaphrodite.WBbt:0004804.SRP029448.SRX343249
RNASeq.elegans.WBStrain00000001.WBls:0000381.Hermaphrodite.WBbt:0004804.SRP029448.SRX343250
RNASeq.elegans.WBStrain00000001.WBls:0000471.Hermaphrodite.WBbt:0004804.SRP029448.SRX343251
RNASeq.elegans.WBStrain00000001.WBls:0000017.Hermaphrodite.WBbt:0004804.SRP029448.SRX343252
RNASeq.elegans.WBStrain00000001.WBls:0000017.Hermaphrodite.WBbt:0004804.SRP029448.SRX343253
RNASeq.elegans.WBStrain00000001.WBls:0000017.Hermaphrodite.WBbt:0004804.SRP029448.SRX343254
RNASeq.elegans.WBStrain00000001.WBls:0000151.Hermaphrodite.WBbt:0004458.SRP029448.SRX343255
RNASeq.elegans.WBStrain00000001.WBls:0000151.Hermaphrodite.WBbt:0004458.SRP029448.SRX343256
RNASeq.elegans.WBStrain00000001.WBls:0000151.Hermaphrodite.WBbt:0004458.SRP029448.SRX343257
RNASeq.elegans.WBStrain00000001.WBls:0000171.Hermaphrodite.WBbt:0004458.SRP029448.SRX343258
RNASeq.elegans.WBStrain00000001.WBls:0000171.Hermaphrodite.WBbt:0004458.SRP029448.SRX343259
RNASeq.elegans.WBStrain00000001.WBls:0000171.Hermaphrodite.WBbt:0004458.SRP029448.SRX343260
RNASeq.elegans.WBStrain00000001.WBls:0000201.Hermaphrodite.WBbt:0004458.SRP029448.SRX343261
RNASeq.elegans.WBStrain00000001.WBls:0000201.Hermaphrodite.WBbt:0004458.SRP029448.SRX343262
RNASeq.elegans.WBStrain00000001.WBls:0000201.Hermaphrodite.WBbt:0004458.SRP029448.SRX343263
RNASeq.elegans.WBStrain00000001.WBls:0000221.Hermaphrodite.WBbt:0004458.SRP029448.SRX343264
RNASeq.elegans.WBStrain00000001.WBls:0000221.Hermaphrodite.WBbt:0004458.SRP029448.SRX343265
RNASeq.elegans.WBStrain00000001.WBls:0000221.Hermaphrodite.WBbt:0004458.SRP029448.SRX343266
RNASeq.elegans.WBStrain00000001.WBls:0000251.Hermaphrodite.WBbt:0004458.SRP029448.SRX343268
RNASeq.elegans.WBStrain00000001.WBls:0000291.Hermaphrodite.WBbt:0004458.SRP029448.SRX343271
RNASeq.elegans.WBStrain00000001.WBls:0000291.Hermaphrodite.WBbt:0004458.SRP029448.SRX343272
RNASeq.elegans.WBStrain00000001.WBls:0000381.Hermaphrodite.WBbt:0004458.SRP029448.SRX343274
RNASeq.elegans.WBStrain00000001.WBls:0000381.Hermaphrodite.WBbt:0004458.SRP029448.SRX343275
RNASeq.elegans.WBStrain00000001.WBls:0000471.Hermaphrodite.WBbt:0004458.SRP029448.SRX343276
RNASeq.elegans.WBStrain00000001.WBls:0000017.Hermaphrodite.WBbt:0004458.SRP029448.SRX343277
RNASeq.elegans.WBStrain00000001.WBls:0000017.Hermaphrodite.WBbt:0004458.SRP029448.SRX343278
RNASeq.elegans.WBStrain00000001.WBls:0000151.Hermaphrodite.WBbt:0004015.SRP029448.SRX343280
RNASeq.elegans.WBStrain00000001.WBls:0000151.Hermaphrodite.WBbt:0004015.SRP029448.SRX343281
RNASeq.elegans.WBStrain00000001.WBls:0000151.Hermaphrodite.WBbt:0004015.SRP029448.SRX343282
RNASeq.elegans.WBStrain00000001.WBls:0000171.Hermaphrodite.WBbt:0004015.SRP029448.SRX343283
RNASeq.elegans.WBStrain00000001.WBls:0000171.Hermaphrodite.WBbt:0004015.SRP029448.SRX343284
RNASeq.elegans.WBStrain00000001.WBls:0000171.Hermaphrodite.WBbt:0004015.SRP029448.SRX343285
RNASeq.elegans.WBStrain00000001.WBls:0000201.Hermaphrodite.WBbt:0004015.SRP029448.SRX343287
RNASeq.elegans.WBStrain00000001.WBls:0000201.Hermaphrodite.WBbt:0004015.SRP029448.SRX343288
RNASeq.elegans.WBStrain00000001.WBls:0000221.Hermaphrodite.WBbt:0004015.SRP029448.SRX343290
RNASeq.elegans.WBStrain00000001.WBls:0000221.Hermaphrodite.WBbt:0004015.SRP029448.SRX343291
RNASeq.elegans.WBStrain00000001.WBls:0000251.Hermaphrodite.WBbt:0004015.SRP029448.SRX343292
RNASeq.elegans.WBStrain00000001.WBls:0000291.Hermaphrodite.WBbt:0004015.SRP029448.SRX343294
RNASeq.elegans.WBStrain00000001.WBls:0000291.Hermaphrodite.WBbt:0004015.SRP029448.SRX343295
RNASeq.elegans.WBStrain00000001.WBls:0000291.Hermaphrodite.WBbt:0004015.SRP029448.SRX343296
RNASeq.elegans.WBStrain00000001.WBls:0000381.Hermaphrodite.WBbt:0004015.SRP029448.SRX343297
RNASeq.elegans.WBStrain00000001.WBls:0000381.Hermaphrodite.WBbt:0004015.SRP029448.SRX343299
RNASeq.elegans.WBStrain00000001.WBls:0000471.Hermaphrodite.WBbt:0004015.SRP029448.SRX343300
RNASeq.elegans.WBStrain00000001.WBls:0000471.Hermaphrodite.WBbt:0004015.SRP029448.SRX343301
RNASeq.elegans.WBStrain00000001.WBls:0000471.Hermaphrodite.WBbt:0004015.SRP029448.SRX343302
RNASeq.elegans.WBStrain00000001.WBls:0000017.Hermaphrodite.WBbt:0004015.SRP029448.SRX343304
RNASeq.elegans.WBStrain00000001.WBls:0000017.Hermaphrodite.WBbt:0004015.SRP029448.SRX343305
RNASeq.elegans.WBStrain00000001.WBls:0000151.Hermaphrodite.WBbt:0003810.SRP029448.SRX343308
RNASeq.elegans.WBStrain00000001.WBls:0000171.Hermaphrodite.WBbt:0003810.SRP029448.SRX343309
RNASeq.elegans.WBStrain00000001.WBls:0000171.Hermaphrodite.WBbt:0003810.SRP029448.SRX343310
RNASeq.elegans.WBStrain00000001.WBls:0000171.Hermaphrodite.WBbt:0003810.SRP029448.SRX343311
RNASeq.elegans.WBStrain00000001.WBls:0000201.Hermaphrodite.WBbt:0003810.SRP029448.SRX343312
RNASeq.elegans.WBStrain00000001.WBls:0000201.Hermaphrodite.WBbt:0003810.SRP029448.SRX343313
RNASeq.elegans.WBStrain00000001.WBls:0000221.Hermaphrodite.WBbt:0003810.SRP029448.SRX343314
RNASeq.elegans.WBStrain00000001.WBls:0000221.Hermaphrodite.WBbt:0003810.SRP029448.SRX343315
RNASeq.elegans.WBStrain00000001.WBls:0000251.Hermaphrodite.WBbt:0003810.SRP029448.SRX343317
RNASeq.elegans.WBStrain00000001.WBls:0000291.Hermaphrodite.WBbt:0003810.SRP029448.SRX343318
RNASeq.elegans.WBStrain00000001.WBls:0000291.Hermaphrodite.WBbt:0003810.SRP029448.SRX343319
RNASeq.elegans.WBStrain00000001.WBls:0000381.Hermaphrodite.WBbt:0003810.SRP029448.SRX343320
RNASeq.elegans.WBStrain00000001.WBls:0000017.Hermaphrodite.WBbt:0003810.SRP029448.SRX343324
RNASeq.elegans.WBStrain00000001.WBls:0000017.Hermaphrodite.WBbt:0003810.SRP029448.SRX343325
RNASeq.elegans.WBStrain00000001.WBls:0000151.Hermaphrodite.WBbt:0008115.SRP029448.SRX343326
RNASeq.elegans.WBStrain00000001.WBls:0000151.Hermaphrodite.WBbt:0008115.SRP029448.SRX343327
RNASeq.elegans.WBStrain00000001.WBls:0000151.Hermaphrodite.WBbt:0008115.SRP029448.SRX343328
RNASeq.elegans.WBStrain00000001.WBls:0000171.Hermaphrodite.WBbt:0008115.SRP029448.SRX343329
RNASeq.elegans.WBStrain00000001.WBls:0000171.Hermaphrodite.WBbt:0008115.SRP029448.SRX343330
RNASeq.elegans.WBStrain00000001.WBls:0000201.Hermaphrodite.WBbt:0008115.SRP029448.SRX343331
RNASeq.elegans.WBStrain00000001.WBls:0000201.Hermaphrodite.WBbt:0008115.SRP029448.SRX343332
RNASeq.elegans.WBStrain00000001.WBls:0000221.Hermaphrodite.WBbt:0008115.SRP029448.SRX343333
RNASeq.elegans.WBStrain00000001.WBls:0000221.Hermaphrodite.WBbt:0008115.SRP029448.SRX343334
RNASeq.elegans.WBStrain00000001.WBls:0000251.Hermaphrodite.WBbt:0008115.SRP029448.SRX343335
RNASeq.elegans.WBStrain00000001.WBls:0000251.Hermaphrodite.WBbt:0008115.SRP029448.SRX343336
RNASeq.elegans.WBStrain00000001.WBls:0000251.Hermaphrodite.WBbt:0008115.SRP029448.SRX343337
RNASeq.elegans.WBStrain00000001.WBls:0000291.Hermaphrodite.WBbt:0008115.SRP029448.SRX343338
RNASeq.elegans.WBStrain00000001.WBls:0000291.Hermaphrodite.WBbt:0008115.SRP029448.SRX343339
RNASeq.elegans.WBStrain00000001.WBls:0000381.Hermaphrodite.WBbt:0008115.SRP029448.SRX343340
RNASeq.elegans.WBStrain00000001.WBls:0000471.Hermaphrodite.WBbt:0008115.SRP029448.SRX343341
RNASeq.elegans.WBStrain00000001.WBls:0000017.Hermaphrodite.WBbt:0008115.SRP029448.SRX343342
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Tags
Method: RNAseq, Species: Caenorhabditis elegans, Tissue Specific: other